There are six cases in the Russian language: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, and prepositional. Cases show the function of a noun in a sentence and each case answers a specific set of questions. The endings of Russian words vary depending on the case in which they are found. Since the case system is an unfamiliar concept in the Ghanaian languages and English language, it is better to learn words and their endings in the various cases by heart.
1.The Nominative Case (Именительный падеж)The nominative case is used to represent the subject of a sentence.
It answers the questions кто/ что, which means who/what. The nominative case also exists in the Ghanaian languages and English language. In Russian dictionaries, nouns are given in the nominative case.
Мальчик танцует. The boy is dancing.мальчик ---> мальчик (no change)2.The Genitive Case (Родительный падеж)The genitive case is used to show that something (somebody) belongs or refers to something (somebody). The genitive case answers the questions
кого/ чего/ откуда, which means of whom/ of what/ from where.
Дом мальчика The boy's houseмальчик ---> мальчика (the ending -а is added)3.The Dative Case (Дательный падеж)The dative case is used to express that something is given or addressed to a person (object). The genitive case answers the questions
кому/ чему, which means to whom/ to what.
Я дал мальчику карандаш. I gave the boy a pencil.мальчик ---> мальчику (the ending -у is added)4.The Accusative Case (Винительный падеж)The accusative case is used to show the object of an action. It answers the questions
кого/ что/ куда, which means who/ what/ where.
Он читает книгу. He is reading a book.книга ---> книгу (the ending -а becomes -у)5.The Instrumental Case (Творительный падеж)The instrumental case is used to show an instrument that helps to make something.
It answers the questions кем/ чем, which means with whom/ with what.
Она пишет карандашом. She writes with a pencil.карандаш ---> карандашом (the ending -ом is added)6.The Prepositional Case (Предложный падеж)The prepositional case is used to represent a place, or a person (object) that is an object of speech and thought. It answers the questions
о ком/ о чем/ где, which means about whom/ about what/ where. The prepositional case is always used with a preposition (о/ в/ на).
Мы сейчас в библиотеке. We are in the library now.библиотека ---> библиотеке (the ending -а becomes -е)